What is Aplastic Anaemia?

Aplastic anaemia is a rare but serious disorder in which the bone marrow does not make enough new blood cells. It may reduce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets at the same time.

Because these cells carry oxygen, fight infection and control bleeding, low counts can affect several parts of the body. The condition can develop at any age and requires assessment by a haematology team.

What causes aplastic anaemia?

Aplastic anaemia develops when blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow are damaged. In many acquired cases, the immune system appears to attack these cells. Possible triggers include certain medicines, chemicals, viral infections and previous cancer treatment. Some inherited conditions can also affect bone marrow function.

For many patients, no single cause is identified. Your medical history and test results help the specialist determine which explanations need to be considered.

Common symptoms

Low red blood cells may cause tiredness, weakness, headaches, breathlessness or a fast heartbeat. Low white blood cells can lead to frequent or persistent infections. Low platelets may cause easy bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums or bleeding that takes longer to stop.

Symptoms vary according to which blood counts are low and how quickly they have changed.

How is it diagnosed?

Assessment usually starts with a full blood count and examination of a blood smear. A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are commonly needed to measure marrow cellularity and rule out other causes of low blood counts.

Additional blood tests may look for infections, immune conditions, nutritional problems, inherited disorders or abnormal cell populations.

Treatment and follow-up

Treatment depends on severity, age, overall health and whether a suitable donor is available. Options may include red-cell or platelet transfusions, antibiotics or antiviral medicines, immunosuppressive treatment and medicines that stimulate blood-cell production.

For selected patients, a haemopoietic stem cell transplant may offer the best chance of long-term disease control. Regular blood tests and prompt management of infection or bleeding are essential.

When to seek medical advice

Seek urgent medical care for fever, uncontrolled bleeding, sudden severe weakness, chest pain or difficulty breathing. Patients with very low blood counts may need specific precautions from their treating team.

Speak to a clinical haematologist

Ray of Hope Haematology provides specialist assessment and personalised care for blood disorders at Netcare Olivedale Hospital in Randburg. Contact the practice to request a consultation.

This article provides general information and does not replace medical advice, diagnosis or treatment from a qualified healthcare professional.